No. 4 Electronic Switching System


The No. 4 Electronic Switching System is a class 4 telephone electronic switching system that was the first digital electronic toll switch introduced by Western Electric for long-distance switching. It was introduced in Chicago in January 1976, to replace the 4A crossbar switch.
The last of the 145 systems in the AT&T network was installed in 1999 in Atlanta. Approximately half of the switches were manufactured in Lisle, Illinois, and the other half in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. At the time of the Bell System divestiture, most of the 4ESS switches became assets of AT&T as part of the long-distance network, while others remained in the RBOC networks. Over 140 4ESS switches remained in service in the United States in 2007.

System architecture

The 4ESS has three major components: the processor, the file store, which was later known as the attached processor system, and the peripheral units.

Processor

The processor acts as the CPU for the switch. The processor includes a central control, call stores, and program stores.
In addition it had access to additional units through the auxiliary unit bus and peripheral unit bus. A master control console provides office technicians access to the switch through the processor peripheral interface.
Early versions used the same 1A processor as the contemporaneous improved 1AESS switch. All existing switches have been subsequently upgraded to use the 1B processor.

File store and CNI ring

The file store provides long term storage of the processor programs and office data. It was first implemented using disk technology but was replaced by the 4E attached processor system. The 4EAPS is a 3B computer running 4EAPS application software on the DMERT operating system. The 4EAPS interfaces to the 4ESS processor via the attached processor interface units. The "1A file store" became partitions on the 3B computer disks.
At first the 4EAPS just provided "file store" but soon it also provided access to the common-network interface ring to provide common-channel signaling.
The 4EAPS originally used the 3B20D computer. These were all converted to the 3B21D around 1995.

Peripheral units

The peripheral units include units that interface to the central control over the peripheral unit bus. This includes the common channel interface signaling terminal, signal processors, time-slot interchanges and time multiplexed switches.
It also includes equipment not directly on the PUB including terminating equipment used to connect the switch to the transport network and the TSIs and TMSs, which actually perform the "time-space-time" switching function. Timing is provided by a high speed, high accuracy network clock.

History

4ESS development began circa 1970, mainly in Naperville, Illinois under the direction of Henry Earle Vaughan. AT&T Long Distance was the primary customer for the switch. Driving development from the customer's perspective was AT&T VP Billy Oliver. Previous tandem switching systems, primarily the No. 4 Crossbar switch, used analog voice signaling. The decision to switch in a digital voice format was controversial at the time, both from a technical and economic viewpoint. Nevertheless, visionaries such as Vaughn and Oliver recognized that the network would eventually become digital, requiring digital switching technologies.
The last 4ESS was installed in suburban Atlanta, GA in 1999 as a toll tandem for AT&T. At the peak of the product's life time in 1999, AT&T employed 145 4ESS switches in its long-haul network, and several were owned by various Regional Bell Operating Companies.
AT&T replaced or supplemented the 4ESS toll tandem switches with 5ESS switches, which featured an advanced design, and are used as edge switches in the network. Most RBOCs who used 4ESS tandems have replaced them with Class 5 systems of other manufacturers, e.g., Nortel. As of 2014, AT&T operates and maintains approximately one hundred 4ESS switches in the public switched telephone network.

Next-generation 4ESS

The Nokia N4E is the ATCA-based next-generation toll switch for AT&T. The N4E includes the 4E APS and 4ESS software, but replaces the 1B processor and the peripheral units which run in emulated environments on an ATCA blade. The N4E is based on the Alcatel-Lucent gateway platform, 1310 Operations and Management Console – Plus and the 5400 Linux Control Platform and includes other elements such as MRV console terminal servers.
Starting in the late 2010s and continuing in the early 2020s, AT&T is replacing older 4ESS switches with N4E switches, and is also adding new N4E switches in places where there was no 4ESS previously. It is assumed that these new N4E switches are taking over Class-4 functions that were previously handled by 5ESS switches acting as "edge tandems."